8/6/2023 0 Comments Middle english alphabetMiddle English re-imported G in its French form for /ɡ/ (As a further side note, French also used ⟨y⟩ to represent /j/ in words like voyage and yeux). In the late Middle English period, yogh was no longer used: niȝt came to be spelled night. Finally, the digraph of yogh followed by an h represented /ɣ/. Doubled, it represented /i/, so he ended his spelling of "may" with two yoghs. By itself, it represented /j/, so he used this letter for the y in "yet". The medieval author Orm used this letter in three ways when writing Early Middle English. Not every English word that contains a gh was originally spelled with a yogh: for example, spaghetti is Italian, where the h makes the g hard (i.e., instead of ) ghoul is Arabic, in which the gh was /ɣ/. The process of replacing the yogh with gh was slow, and was not completed until the arrival of printing presses (which lacked yogh) in England around the end of the fifteenth century. In the 14th century, the digraph gh arose as an alternative to yogh for /x/, and eventually overtook yogh in popularity still, the variety of pronunciations persisted, as evidenced by cough, taught, and though. It only came to be used as a letter distinct from g in the Middle English period, where it evolved in appearance into ȝ, now considered a separate character. In the Old English period, ᵹ was simply the way Latin g was written in the Insular script introduced at the Christianisation of England by the Hiberno-Scottish mission. With the re-introduced possibility of a /ɡ/ sound before front vowels, notably in the form of loanwords from the Old Norse (such as gere from Norse gervi, Modern English gear), this orthographical state of affairs became a source for confusion, and a distinction of "real g" ( /ɡ/) from "palatalized g" ( /j/) became desirable. For example, "year" was written as gear, even though the word had never had a g sound (deriving from Proto-Germanic *jērą). Following palatalization, both gyfu and Latin g in Old English expressed the /j/ sound before front vowels. The original Germanic g sound was expressed by the gyfu rune in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc (which is itself sometimes rendered as ȝ in modern transliteration). Capital Ȝ is represented in Unicode by code point U+021C Ȝ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER YOGH, and lower case ȝ by code point U+021D ȝ LATIN SMALL LETTER YOGH. There is some confusion about the letter in the literature, as the English language was far from standardised at the time. Yogh is shaped similarly to the Cyrillic letter З and the Arabic numeral 3, which are sometimes substituted for the character in online reference works. Consequently, some Modern Scots words have a z in place of a yogh-the common surname Menzies was originally written Menȝies (pronounced mingis). In Middle Scots, the character yogh became confused with a cursive z and the early Scots printers often used z when yogh was not available in their fonts. In Middle English writing, tailed z came to be indistinguishable from yogh. It was derived from the Insular form of the letter g, Ᵹᵹ. The letter yogh (ȝogh) ( Ȝ ȝ Scots: yoch Middle English: ȝogh) was used in Middle English and Older Scots, representing y ( /j/) and various velar phonemes. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
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